[ 1. Nationally appropriate mitigation commitments or actions by developed countries
1. To enhance the implementation of mitigation commitments under Article 4.2(a) and (b) of the Convention, [all] developed country Parties included in Annex I to the Convention shall:
(a) Adopt [internationally] legally binding economy-wide quantified emission reduction commitments that are comparable. The commitments for the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol shall be the reference for enhanced commitments under paragraph 1 (b) (i) of the Bali Action Plan;
(b) In establishing the magnitude of mitigation commitments, reflect historical responsibility for climate change and ensure ambitious mid-term mitigation commitments for Annex I Parties as a whole compatible with an ambitious long-term target;
(c) Apply the concept of nationally appropriate for Annex I Parties in a manner compatible with economy-wide quantified emission reduction commitments for all Annex I Parties;
(d) Adopt policies and measures in the [form][pursuit] of economy-wide quantified emission reduction commitments;
(e) Recognizing that the concept of comparability is established under the Bali Action Plan and not in a process under the Kyoto Protocol, ensure that comparability among all Annex I Parties shall express itself in magnitude and form, and in compliance requirements.
[National circumstances and] comparability of efforts
2. To enhance the implementation of mitigation commitments under Article 4.2(a) and (b) of the Convention, developed country Parties [shall] [should] undertake comparable efforts to reduce their GHG emissions [,taking into account their historical responsibility and emissions debt]. The comparability of mitigation efforts by developed country Parties [shall] [should] be ensured through:
(a) The establishment or reaffirmation of legally binding quantified emission limitation or reduction commitments stated relative to 1990 or to other base years consistent with Article 4.6 of the Convention and decision 9/CP.2;
(b) Comparable magnitude of emission limitation or reduction objectives, using economywide emission reduction/limitation targets under the Kyoto Protocol as the reference;
(c) [Similar] [The same] legal nature of commitments;
(d) [Similar] [The same] [Comparable] requirements for measurement, reporting and verification [emissions by sources and removals by sinks];
(e) Provisions for third party review of annual emissions inventories and any supplemental information required;
(f) [Similar] [The same] provisions for compliance;
(g) Time frames for emission reductions that are of the same duration and same base year;
(h) Their [[magnitude] [, using tonnes of CO2 eq as a unit of comparability] [level of mitigation ambition]];
(i) Comprehensiveness: targets, policies, measures, actions and etc.;
(j) Provisions for third party review of annual emissions inventories and any supplemental information required.
3. Ensuring comparability of efforts in a transparent manner among mitigation efforts of developed country Parties will require the establishment of specific indicators in order to compare compliance with national commitments and define which national circumstances are taken into consideration. To that end,the following factors [shall] [should] be taken into account:
(a) [Historical responsibility for [both] [emissions] [as well as] [and] [global temperature increase]] [Share of absolute greenhouse gas emissions];
(b) National [and regional] development priorities;
(c) Natural and geographical characteristics[;][and] resource endowment;
(d) Extent of transition to a market economy;
(e) Position on the human development index;
(f) Degree of access to flexibility mechanisms;
(g) Technological, financial and institutional capacities;
(h) The historical and current per-capita emissions originating in developed countries;
(i) Domestic mitigation potential [and mitigation costs, aggregate [and marginal] economic
costs, domestic achievement of emission reduction and per capita effort;]
(j) [[Trends in] [GHG] emissions [per capita][,][and carbon intensity] [[per unit of gross domestic product (GDP)], [per energy unit][and population trends]]] [Population trends];
(k) [Relative][Absolute] size of the economy, [and relative] ability to pay [, and economic and technological capacity];
(l) Availability of low-emission1 energy supply options and opportunities for fuel switching;
(m) [Sector-specific circumstances and sectoral energy efficiency and [GHG][carbon ] intensity] [covering all sectors and all GHG emissions];
(n) Responsibility of Annex I Parties, individually and jointly, for current atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases;
(o) The share of global emissions required by developing countries in order to meet their social and economic development needs;
(p) Definitions, modalities, rules and guidelines for the treatment of land use, land-use change and forestry;
(q) Methodologies used to calculate reduction potentials and to set quantified national GHG emission reduction targets should allow the setting of equitable burden sharing which is measurable, reportable and verifiable;
(r) The extent of international assistance provided by the World Bank or the IBRD;
(s) QELRCs and mitigation actions [shall][should] be comprehensive in addressing all greenhouse gases, sources and sinks for which technical information is available and where its inclusion is appropriate from a viewpoint of effective implementation;
(t) [A metric based on global warming potential [shall][should] be used.] [For the purposes of this Agreement, the global warming potentials used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases listed in Annex [X] shall be those provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its Fourth Assessment Report and based on the effects of the greenhouse gases over a 100-year time horizon. Any revision to a global warming potential by the IPCC subsequent to the Fourth Assessment Report, or revisions of the approach to calculate carbon dioxide equivalence, shall apply only to commitments relating to any commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision.]
Alternative to t: The global warming potentials used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases will be those defined in the second assessment report of the IPCC, until the SBSTA concludes its consideration of this matter and, if appropriate, recommends a draft decision adopting global temperature potentials as a common metric.
4. An objective, consistent, transparent, thorough and comprehensive technical assessment of the comparability of efforts among developed country Parties shall be [facilitated][made] by a technical panel on comparability [established under the COP] [including members from Annex I and non-Annex I Parties as well as representative of the secretariat]. The panel shall assess the information provided by developed country Parties in their annual national communications [and other data available from international organizations] and report its findings to the COP [and the CMP] for further action. If the report indicates questions relating to comparability, the COP shall refer the matter to a compliance committee for attention.
5. Due consideration should be given to comparability of efforts between large and small Parties. Small Parties should not face disproportionate disadvantages due to lack of flexibility of action because of the size of their economy, limited opportunities for fuel switching, and other factors. The mitigation commitment of a Party where a single project adds in any one year more than five per cent to the total carbon dioxide emissions of the Party in 1990, shall be adjusted by subtracting the proportional impact given the following conditions: (1) the total carbon dioxide emissions of the Party amounted to less than 0.05 per cent of the total carbon dioxide emissions of all Annex I Parties in 1990, (2) renewable energy is used for the single project, resulting in a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per unit of production,and (3) best environmental practice is followed and best available technology is used to minimize process emissions.
6. [Suitable criteria [, agreeable to every Party,] should be used in defining developed country Parties. There should be a dynamic continuum with different commitments, actions and support for different countries based on common, objective criteria.]
