Frameworks for mitigation action
Policies and measures
22. Each Party shall, to the extent practicable, in implementing relevant Articles of this Protocol:1
(a) Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its national circumstances, such as:
(i) Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the national economy;
(ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its commitments under relevant international environmental agreements; promotion of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and reforestation;
(iii) Promotion of reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation;
(iv) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in the light of climate change considerations;
(v) Promotion of measures for adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change;
(vi) Research on, and promotion, development and increased use of, new and renewable forms of energy, carbon dioxide sequestration technologies and advanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies;
(vii) Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscal incentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gas emitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the Convention and application of market instruments;
(viii) Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed at promoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol;
(ix) Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector;
(x) Limitation and/or reduction of methane emissions through recovery and use in waste management, as well as in the production, transport and distribution of energy;
(b) Cooperate with other Parties to enhance the individual and combined effectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under this Article. To this end, these Parties shall take steps to share their experience and exchange information on such policies and measures, including developing ways of improving their comparability, transparency and effectiveness.
23. The Parties shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol from aviation and marine bunker fuels, working through the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization, respectively.
24. The Parties shall strive to implement policies and measures under this Article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects of climate change, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economic impacts on other Parties, especially developing country Parties and in particular those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention, taking into account Article 3 of the Convention. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol2 may take further action, as appropriate, to promote the implementation of the provisions of this paragraph based on the information provided by affected Parties.
25. Recalling Article 4.1(b) of the Convention, under which all Parties shall [f]ormulate, implement, publish and regularly update programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change.
(a) Parties shall implement their respective nationally appropriate mitigation action(s) reflected in Appendix 1;
(b) In addition, Parties shall formulate and submit low-carbon strategies that articulate an emission pathway to 2050 (as specified in para. 62 (alternative) and in para. 74, Option 3.2 (alternative), );
(c) Mitigation action is subject to measurement, reporting and verification, as reflected in an appropriate Appendix (see Annex I).
| Appendix 1 Mitigation |
| [to be filled in as per paragraphs x.1 above, paragraph 62 (alternative) below and paragraph 74, Option 3.2 (alternative), below] |
| Alphabetical list of UNFCCC Parties |
26. Recognizing that the circumstances of countries naturally evolve over time, paragraph 62 (alternative) below shall apply, when Appendix 1 is next updated, to other Parties in accordance with objective criteria of economic development.
27. A low carbon strategy comprises the following:
(a) A scenario or set of scenarios that outlines a long-term, low-emission pathway.
(i) For developed countries, the pathway shall reflect long-term net emission reductions of at least [80] percent by 2050.
(ii) For developing countries whose national circumstances reflect greater responsibility or capability, the pathway shall reflect long-term net emission reductions consistent with the level of ambition needed to contribute to the objective of the Convention.
(b) A characterization of the policies, measures or programmes that could be undertaken to achieve the pathway described in paragraph (a).
28. This Agreement does not affect the ability of Parties to establish emissions trading linkages between or among themselves.
29. Placeholder paragraph recognizing the common obligations of all Parties under Article 4 and other relevant articles of the Convention.
