Cooperative actions on and support for research and development
23. [All Parties] [Developed country Parties], in accordance with national capabilities, [shall][should] make efforts to strengthen their national technology research, development and demonstration (RD&D) programmes with the aim of substantially increasing private and public energy-related RD&D compared with current levels, working towards at least a doubling of global energy-related RD&D by 2012 and increasing it to four times its current level by 2020, with a significant shift in emphasis towards safe and sustainable low greenhouse gas emitting technologies, especially renewable energy.
24. [Developed country Parties [and other developed Parties included in Annex II of the Convention]], in accordance with national capabilities, [shall][should] provide appropriate support to developing country Parties through, inter alia:
(a) Enhancing cooperation between developing country Parties, such as South-South cooperation, and between developed and developing country Parties, including North-South and triangular cooperation, including city to city twinning arrangements, with the following aims:
(i) Promoting the development of technologies, including adaptive research and development, endogenous technologies and technologies for adaptation;
(ii) Prioritizing technologies for mitigation and adaptation that might have high costs but also high potential for greenhouse gas mitigation and/or increasing resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change;
(iii) Bringing down costs and increasing the potential for greenhouse gas mitigation and/or resilience to the negative adverse impacts of climate change.
(b) Providing opportunities for participation by [developing country Parties] [all Parties] in joint research and development programmes, including through technology
innovation centres, as appropriate, for specific technologies and joint ventures to accelerate deployment, diffusion and effective transfer of technologies [from developed country Parties and other developed country Parties included in Annex II to the Convention to developing country Parties] [from developed to developing country Parties], particularly technologies for adaptation [for SIDS,] [small island developing countries, least developed countries and Africa] [for low lying and other small island countries, countries with low-lying coastal, arid and semi-arid areas or areas liable to floods, drought and desertification, and developing countries with fragile mountainous ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change,] [consistent with the Decision 1/CP.13 and the Convention], in the absence of win-win solutions and market intervention.
